In the book, two specific topics from Aristotle's philosophical system are examined. The first one refers to the concept of causality, which is one of the central issues not only in his natural, metaphysical, and logical theories. The analysis is based on the systematic processing of Book II of his work "Physics". The second topic focuses on Aristotle's pedagogical ideas in his work "Politics". The selection of these topics was based not only on the criterion of their scientific treatment but also on the fact that they are directly related to aspects of contemporary thinking. On the one hand, the philosophical and scientific question: "causality or determinism" is a matter that has been constantly reformulated in the last two centuries. On the other hand, the relationship between education and political life is a matter of great importance for our time, where technological interventions in human life and economic criteria in choices threaten the authenticity of political discourse and the transformative mission of education.