Anaphylaxis is a serious and life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to allergens, which are usually foods, drugs, and venom from hymenopteran insects (bees, wasps).

In anaphylaxis, various systems can be involved, in addition to the skin, such as the respiratory (upper and lower), gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include characteristic symptoms of rhinitis/conjunctivitis, itching, and erythema usually accompanied by hives, angioedema (lips, eyelids, face), and abdominal pain (with or without vomiting). It can also manifest as wheezing, dyspnea, asthma symptoms (cough, wheezing), drop in blood pressure, dizziness, fainting, and loss of consciousness. Anaphylactic shock is characterized by inadequate blood circulation to various organs/systems of the human body, resulting in collapse.

It is particularly important to recognize the symptoms of anaphylaxis promptly and for the medical-nursing staff to react quickly. The management of an acute anaphylactic episode always involves the immediate administration of intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) followed by supportive treatment. Adrenaline is also available in the form of a self-injectable pre-filled syringe for intramuscular administration, even by the patient themselves when an episode of anaphylaxis occurs.

Individuals with a history of anaphylactic episodes who are at risk of developing the severe symptoms of this clinical entity should always be examined by an allergist. This is necessary to investigate-document the possible causative factors, identify any co-factors, exclude other diseases, and assess the risk of a new episode of anaphylaxis. Additionally, these patients should receive appropriate training in the administration of adrenaline and be responsibly informed by the allergist about therapeutic options and an allergen avoidance plan, which they should always be aware of and strictly follow.