The purpose of this book is to approach the Economics of Natural Resources and Environment through an applied methodological framework capable of being used to solve real environmental problems. With examples, case studies, and exercises, this book consists of fourteen chapters and is structured in three parts. The first part consists of three chapters. The first two chapters present the introductory concepts and terminology, as well as the background of the quantitative methods considered necessary in the effort to understand the issues to be analyzed. The third chapter presents the principles of Economic theory and how they enter the environment, creating the field of Economics of Natural Resources and Environment. The second part consists of seven chapters, which provide the theoretical foundation of the Economics of Natural Resources and Environment by analyzing in detail the interactions of the Environment with the Economy and Society, as well as the role of Sustainable Development. Within this analysis, the methodological framework and the specific methods of economic valuation of environmental goods are also examined, aiming at determining the optimal level of environmental protection. These themes are also accompanied by a presentation, analysis, and comparison of the economic and administrative tools for environmental policy implementation. In addition, the optimal management of natural resources is examined from the perspective of sustainable development. Having created the necessary theoretical background, the third part, in the last five chapters, presents the contemporary dimension of environmental problems and analyzes both their aspects and how they can be addressed through effective management, while examining the Sustainable Development Goals included in the United Nations' 2030 Agenda and their progress so far.