In the first of the nine parts that make up "Beyond Good and Evil," Nietzsche denounces the "prejudices of philosophers." The most significant of these is the belief in the absolute value of truth: "What is it that aims within us at 'truth?'" the author asks. Why have philosophers not investigated the false, the uncertain, the erroneous? Why do they only value sincerity, selflessness, reality, and scorn lies, selfishness, and appearance? This happens because the investigations of philosophers are entirely oriented by the moral ideas they wish to conclude. Thus, the norms they believe they derive from universal reason are merely reflections of their personal instincts and the hierarchy to which these instincts adhere. 

Nietzsche also denounces the way people use certain concepts, such as those of cause, law, freedom, necessity, end/purpose: it is wrong to believe that these concepts allow us to explain phenomena, because they are merely figments of the imagination intended to name them. The second part is dedicated to the "free spirit." Not the free thinker, who dreams of realizing the "herd happiness for the whole world," but the philosopher of the future, who has understood that only the "will to power," outside of any moral consideration, allows humanity to develop and progress.