The constitutional charts of Sparta and Athens bring to light two types of political systems and societies symbolized respectively by Lycurgus and Solon: Xenophon presents the strict customs oriented towards military life imposed on the citizens of Sparta, a city almost stagnant from its foundation to its decline, while Aristotle's Athens is a political society governed by complex institutions, where the people are at the center of the city's transformations. But in both cases, these political systems have been established through texts and, especially in the case of Athens, they demonstrate the dominant importance of writing in public life. Its superiority in relation to orality allows the city to live independently of the presence of a political leader, thanks to the publicity and impartiality established through the writing of the law. The discussion surrounding the rules that pertain to speech and writing, as it can be supported by the constitutional texts of Xenophon and Aristotle, allows us to reread, in an original sketch, the political tradition of the West. Because even if the tendencies of theocracy or the leader who captivates with the charm of his speech are manifested, one can argue that the foundation of this tradition, from the time of the ancient Greeks, must be sought in a political "bureaucentrism" that recognizes both the autonomy and the primacy of fundamental texts as components of the city. In this edition, the two fundamental texts are published together and are autonomously and jointly commented on by the contemporary French thinker Dominique Colas.